The assessment of health impact caused by energy use in urban areas of China: an intake fraction–based analysis

The Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 2004 caused inundation of seawater along the Northern coast of Tamil Nadu, India, resulting in loss of 8,000 people with extensive damage to properties. The paper describes the inundation of seawater in two northern districts, namely Kancheepuram and Villupuram districts, which showed distinct patterns of inundation of seawater and run-up levels due to variations in geomorphic features. TUNAMI N2 model was used to predict the seawater inundation for earthquakes occurred in 1881 at Car Nicobar, Sumatra 2004 and a worst-case scenario. The coastal areas with beaches having gentle slope showed more inundation compared with coastal areas having varied slope and habited by sand dunes and coastal vegetation. Appreciable inundation of seawater with tsunami simulated for 1881 Car Nicobar indicated that proximity to the source plays a major role besides earthquake parameters in causing inundation. The worst-case scenario generated from subduction zone of Car Nicobar using Sumatra 2004 earthquake parameters revealed extreme vulnerability of coasts of both the districts to giant tsunamis.     

Risk evaluation of China’s natural disaster systems: an approach based on triangular fuzzy numbers and stochastic simulation

To deal effectively with the evaluation problem of natural disaster risk system affected by many uncertain factors, a multivariate connection number expression is presented. This expression is based on the index samples and evaluation grade criterions of natural disaster risk system and is capable of describing the hierarchy property and fuzziness of membership relationship between index samples and evaluation grade criterions. In this proposed method, the fuzzy evaluation grade criterion problem is resolved by combining triangular fuzzy numbers with multivariate connection number theory, and triangular fuzzy numbers are used to express the discrepancy degree coefficients of connection number and evaluation index weights. Accordingly, a connection number-based evaluation method for the natural disaster system of China (named CN-TFN for short) is established using triangular fuzzy numbers and stochastic simulation. The application results show that the spatial distribution of natural disaster risk grades of China has the trend of aggrandizement from west to east of China. The economically developed and densely populated coastal areas are very likely to have a high level of natural disaster risk grade or above; thus, these areas are the key regions of the natural disaster risk management of China. The results also show that the CN-TFN is able to reflect practical conditions of the evaluation problem of natural disaster system and to provide more reliability information as compared to the existing evaluation methods. This is as a result of its comprehensive usage of various information of subjective and objective uncertainties in the evaluation process of natural disaster risk system and its expression by confidence intervals. Due to the simplicity and generalization, the CN-TFM is applicable to comprehensive risk grade evaluation of various natural disaster systems.     

黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿的次火山岩浆-热液成矿:熔体-流体包裹体证据

黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿是我国陆相火山岩区的重要金矿之一。构造位置处于古亚洲构造域与滨太平洋构造域交接复合部位的东北缘,矿体主要分布于团结沟斜长花岗斑岩接触带部位的隐爆角砾岩带和黑龙江群变质岩的层间裂隙中。斜长花岗斑岩的石英斑晶中发育3类包裹体:熔体包裹体、原生的L-V包裹体(及少量的L-V-S包裹体)和次生的L-V包裹体。玻璃质熔体包裹体相当于酸性殘浆的成分(SiO2达69.5%～73.8%),其捕获温度大于800℃。石英斑晶中次生L-V包裹体均一温度集中在210～350℃、盐度5%～7%NaCleqv,代表了次火山岩浆热液的特征,与黄铁矿-早期白色玉髓状石英阶段中Q1的包裹体均一温度范围很接近,而盐度略高于白色玉髓状石英Q1的。乌拉嘎金矿的金成矿可划分3个成矿阶段,发育盐水溶液包裹体:(1)黄铁矿-早期白色玉髓状石英阶段,包裹体均一温度为154～355℃,集中在190～330℃,盐度为1.3%～8.2%NaCleqv,密度为0.53～0.88g/cm3。(2)烟灰色玉髓状石英-多金属硫化物阶段,石英中包裹体均一温度为159～196℃,集中在170～190℃,盐度为2.2%～3.2%NaCleqv,密度0.79～0.92g/cm3。(3)碳酸盐-石英阶段,方解石中包裹体均一温度集中在170～270℃;盐度0.5%～2.9%NaCleqv。成矿流体以中低温、低盐度、贫CO2的盐水体系为特征,与国内外陆相火山-次火山热液矿床十分相似。石英斑晶中熔体、流体包裹体及其共存反映了次火山岩浆活动晚期,由硅酸盐熔体通过不混溶产生含矿的盐水溶液的可能,说明了金成矿与斑岩的成因联系,乌拉嘎金矿应该属于陆相火山-次火山活动有关的中低温浅成热液金矿床。     

Determination of groundwater recharge regime and flowpath in the Lower Heihe River basin in an arid area of Northwest China by using environmental tracers: Implications for vegetation degradation in the Ejina Oasis

Environmental tracers (CFCs, stable isotopes ¹⁸O, ²H, and ³H) and major ions were employed to study river infiltration and groundwater recharge in the aquifer system in the basin of the Lower Heihe River, Northwest China. Three groups of waters have been recognized: (1) young groundwater, connected to the river, with large variation of CFC apparent ages ranging from <10 a to 40 a, and δ¹⁸O and δ²H values which are similar to the river water; (2) regional background water, unaffected by the river, having CFC apparent ages >40 a, and being depleted in ¹⁸O and ²H compared with the river water; and (3) groundwater in Gurinai, a grassland located about 100 km from the river, in which the predominant discharge is from the Badain Jaran desert, with CFC apparent ages ranging from 25 to >50 a and being enriched in ¹⁸O and ²H compared to the river water. The groundwater along the river contains CFCs and ³H down to depths of about 120 m, and the shallow groundwater exhibits CFC apparent ages in a wide range which are not dependent on the well depth. Groundwaters along the river show a similar trend of enrichment in ¹⁸O and ²H as the river water whereas groundwaters in depression cones are depleted in heavier isotopes, and have low CFC and ³H concentrations. The CFC apparent age of the groundwater increases with increasing distance downstream, indicating that the dominant part of the groundwater is from infiltration of river water in the upper reaches. Modifications of groundwater recharge are reflected in variations of stable isotope compositions, as well as CFC and ³H concentrations in the groundwater that was recharged from the river over the last decades. Despite recharging from river water, groundwater abstraction has induced a water balance deficit. The riparian ecosystem in the Ejina Oasis is constrained by both decreased river flow and increased groundwater abstraction. The vegetation degradation in the Ejina Oasis is controlled not only by natural aridification but also worsened by heavy groundwater abstraction and decreased river flow.     

西藏松多榴辉岩矿物出溶体研究

西藏松多榴辉岩中的石榴石和单斜辉石中发育有大量的矿物出溶体。电子探针能谱分析结果表明,石榴石中的出溶体为金红石,绿辉石中的出溶体为石英和富钾质矿物(钾长石)。根据石榴石-绿辉石-多硅白云母矿物温压计计算出的松多榴辉岩变质温压范围接近石英-柯石英相转变线,结合这些出溶体的存在,指示了西藏松多榴辉岩曾经历过超高压变质作用,这为松多榴辉岩的形成条件提供了重要证据。     

Fast CO2 Retrieval Using a Semi-Physical Statistical Model for the High-Resolution Spectrometer on the Fengyun-3D Satellite

China's Fengyun-3D meteorological satellite launched in December 2016 carries the high-resolution greenhouse- gases absorption spectrometer (GAS) aimed at provi...     

白云鄂博的碳锶铈矿

在对白云鄂博碳酸岩中稀土矿物的研究中,发现了锶-稀土含水复碳酸盐矿物。根据电子探针分析结果,其化学成分相当于碳锶铈矿(Ancylite-Ce)、钙碳锶铈矿(Calcioancylite),前者Sr>Ca,后者Ca>Sr。计算得到的化学式分别为:(Sr0.62,Ca0.18)0.8(Ce0.5,Nd0.36,La0.17,Pr0.02,Sm0.02)1.2(CO3)2(OH1.04,F0.14)1.2H2O、(Ca0.73,Sr0.28,Ba0.17)1.2(Ce0.46,Nd0.15,La0.15,Pr0.04,Sm0.01)0.8(CO3)2(OH0.75,F0.06)0.8H2O,简化为:(Sr,Ca)2-xCex(CO3)2.(OH,F)2-x.H2O,接近理论化学式(Sr,Ca)Ce(CO3)2(OH)H2O,但附加阴离子除OH—外,还含有少量F-。两者均为几微米至十几微米的微小晶体,呈浸染状产出,且仅见于晚期方解石或方解石—白云石交生体中。     

β-环糊精交联聚合物对氯苯的吸附特性

通过对水中含有微量氯苯的吸附特性研究,考察β-环糊精交联聚合物吸附氯苯的动力学、热力学及连续运行条件下的稳定性和再生性能。实验结果表明:β-环糊精交联聚合物吸附氯苯的过程符合准二级动力学模型,即化学吸附是吸附过程的控制步骤;β-环糊精交联聚合物上的等温吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。在15、25、35℃时最大吸附量分别为23.36、28.17、27.85mg/g;动态模拟实验中,当氯苯质量浓度为10mg/L时,氯苯的去除率大于80%。乙醇作为溶剂可以使吸附饱和的β-环糊精交联聚合物再生。     

延边八家子镇上南沟“大理岩”地质地球化学特征及地质意义

传统观点认为,延边八家子镇上南沟"大理岩"为碳酸盐岩地层经过区域变质作用形成。通过详细的野外和镜下观察,发现该"大理岩"并不发育层理等典型沉积岩的特征,而主要呈岩株和岩墙产出,与围岩新东村岩组片岩、片麻岩呈港湾状侵入式接触;且其中发育大量围岩捕虏体,"大理岩"局部还发育有冷凝边;除上南沟"大理岩"外,在上南沟及周边地区并没有碳酸盐岩地层的发育。分析显示,上南沟"大理岩"具有与火成碳酸岩相似的微量元素和稀土元素组成特征,C、O同位素组成处于火成碳酸岩受低温蚀变的演化趋势之内。因此,初步认为延边八家子上南沟"大理岩"并不是由碳酸盐岩地层经区域变质作用形成,其成因可能存在以下2种解释:一种是上南沟"大理岩"为火成碳酸岩,很可能是华北克拉通破坏事件在北缘的响应;另一种可能是大规模富含CO2流体运移的产物,是大规模流体运移成矿的典型范例。